Spence,
My first rifle that was larger than a .22 caliber was a .50 caliber TC Hawken. I purchased it while I was home on Boot Camp leave in January of 1972, after some of the most intense rifle training I could then imagine. I purchased the accessories kit with it and used the recommended 60 grain charge of powder, their patch, there lube, RWS caps and we cast balls from their mold. On a 10 degree day above zero, I brushed snow off the ground as best I could and took up the best sitting position possible, to test the rifle at 100 yards. This because it was so cold and because there were no bench rests anywhere close to where I grew up. I was shocked to find a 3 shot group that measured around 1 5/8 from center to center of the two most distant shots. That got me hooked on muzzleloaders, in part because so many modern gun mag articles and reports were talking about how shooting at or less than 1 1/2" three shot group at 100 yards was so difficult with a modern scoped rifle and from a bench rest. (Yes, that turned out to be pure bunk, but that was what was commonly written in the mid to late 60's and very early 70's.) That TC Hawken shot even better when I did more load development on it, though I only shot under a 1", 3 shot group a couple of times with it before I traded it off to get a more authentic gun.
Two years later I was already immersed in the world of long range NM shooting and in my case, building guns for it. I also had access to some extremely good benchrest shooters and I learned things about shooting and reloading from them all. For example, the really serious benchrest folks loaded each cartridge on the line before they shot. They had a powder measure and powder scales right at their bench and a press to load the cartridge just before they shot it. There are some things I learned from those benchrest folks that apply to muzzle loaders.
Now, I had not yet been exposed to International Muzzle Loading competition, but when I was, I found many of those competitors weighed EVERY charge they shot on a reloading scale, the night before they shot, and put the charges in little glass vials to use the next day. That's about as close with muzzle loaders as we get to what the expert benchrest crowd does with their modern rifles.
I had first tested that rifle with different charges of 5 grains difference per charge, but was not satisfied with the groups. Then I started with a couple grain differences and then to one grain differences. Yes, I wound up weighing each charge with a balance scale during the testing just as I had seen the most expert benchrest folks do. Out of curiosity, I tried the 1/2 grain difference and found it made a difference in group size and was the smallest group size I shot. I further tested it a few more times to ensure it was not a fluke.
Now, it was far from easy to come up with a way to get that precise of a charge with a powder measure that would be acceptable on the Primitive Range at Friendship or at other Primitive Matches. After a lot of trial and error trying to get as close as possible to that 42 1/2 grain charge, I wound up epoxying the adjustable arm in place where it threw as close as possible to that charge and always filling the powder above the top of the measure and then "cutting it off" with the swing arm. That was how I got the most precise loads I could on the primitive range.
Now, of course that did not throw exactly 42 1/2 grains as exactly as when I had been using a balance scale for each charge, but it was very close. Even so, that did not change the fact the rifle did shoot the best with 42 1/2 grains, when I actually weighed each charge on the scale.
Gus